Many writers also note that the visual element in our culture parallels the rise of what is called postmodernism. Stanley Grenz, in A Primer on Postmodernism, characterizes postmodernism as having three central assumptions. The first is that postmodernism shatters the optimism of the modern Enlightenment world with a strong sense of pessimism about our human future. Second, the postmodern mind dethrones the human intellect as the arbiter of all truth. The emotions and intuition are understood to be